Arthrosis

The surfaces of the bones that form the joint are covered with a special, hyalin cartilage - smooth, providing the lowest friction force during motor skills of articular surfaces.If arthrosis is diagnosed, this means that the cartilage is in the process of destruction.

Progressing, the destructive process applies to the bones, and then to the joint capsule.The disease has a universal code according to ICD 10-M15-M19, reckoning it to the class of pathologies of the bone muscular and connective tissues.

According to medical statistics, 12% of the world's population suffer from osteoarthritis, most of which are elderly, from 65 years old.However, every year there is an alarming tendency to increase the number of young people sick.The diagnosis is not fatal, but arthrosis is insidious with its relapses and the threat of complete disability.

The mechanism of occurrence

The disease develops gradually, four stages can be conditionally distinguished:

1. Initially, a area that is poorly supplied with blood or damaged appears on the cartilage area.Gradually, in the presence of traumatic factors, the region is not restored, but, on the contrary, grows.
2. The body, trying to restore the destructive cartilage, replaces the damaged areas to a mineralized tissue that does not have a clear structure.Such fabric is, in general, with an inferior replacement for the smooth, sliding and elastic hyalin cartilage.
3. Gradually, the surface of the cartilage becomes in scars and bone growths - osteophytes.
4. Healthy areas from the load increased several times, wear very quickly, and as a result, the entire cartilage turns into one large scar.

If the pathological process is not stopped, the joint will undergo the following adverse changes:

• Bones are involved in the process of destruction;
• the synovial shell is inflamed;
• The joint capsule becomes denser, losing its elasticity;
• The lumen of the joint gap quickly decreases;
• bones, without withstanding friction, are deformed, like the joint as a whole;
• The fabrics of the joint are reborn, thereby there is a complete loss of the possibility of movement.

Types of arthrosis

This disease affects absolutely any articular surfaces!At the same time, despite the same mechanism of pathology, it is classified into several types.

So, depending on which joints are sick, they distinguish:

• arthrosis of the knee joint, or patellofmoral arthrosis (abbreviated gonartrosis);
• arthrosis of the hip joint (abbreviated coxarthrosis);
• arthrosis of the shoulder joint;
• interfalanced arthrosis;
• arthrosis of the ankle joint;
• arthrosis of the hands;
• cervical arthrosis;
• jaw arthrosis;
• arthrosis of the plusnephalanx joint;
• iliac arthrosis;
• keyboard-acrocomial arthrosis;
• temporal arthrosis;
• arthrosis of the heel;
• arched arthrosis that affects the arc processes of the vertebrae (abbreviated spondylarthrosis);
• arthrosis of the facet joint of the joints of the spine;
• UNKOVEVERTURAL Arthrosis;
• rib-premises arthrosis;
• Taran-plastic arthrosis.

According to the specifics of the pathological process in the cartilaginous tissue, they distinguish:

• deforming arthrosis is the name of the disease that has passed into the terminal (final) stage;
• Arthrosoarthritis - the presence of the classical inflammatory process is characteristic;
• chronic;
• Acute arthrosis.

For the reasons for the occurrence of pathology, they distinguish:

• dystrophic arthrosis of the joints associated with a critical metabolic disorder;
• fracture arthrosis is caused by appropriate injuries;
• Post -traumatic arthrosis.

There is another classification - by whether the disease is independent, or caused by provoking factors:

• Primary, - arises on a completely healthy cartilage, another name - idiopathic arthrosis, or appears with age -related senile changes;
• Secondary, - caused by many reasons.

Symptoms of arthrosis

There are rather typical signs of arthrosis of all localizations, which, depending on the degree of development of pathology, differ in their severity:

• aches, pain, intensifying with high humidity and hypothermia;
• decrease in joint mobility;
• crispy, creaking and crossing sounds in the movements of the articular surfaces;
• external changes in the outline of the joint;
• swelling and swelling;
• redness of the skin.

Pain

The very initial signs of violations make themselves felt by weak or moderate, short -term pain, which almost never occurs at night, but usually appears only with a load on the joint surface.

When inflammatory processes moved to his final stage, the patient begins to feel unbearable, “gnawing” pain due to stagnation of blood and increasing pressure in the joint bag.Pain is characterized by a long duration, at any time of the day, and regardless of whether the affected area is in the rest, or in motion.

Sowearity of the joint

This symptom is characteristic of a fairly neglected disease.At the same time, in the early stages, the patient still feels in the morning, after waking up, discomfort when moving in the form of a feeling of some constraint.

With the progression of destructive reactions, the patient notices:

• restriction of the amplitude of the usual movements;
• the inability to change the position of the limbs at rest, even making attempts to unbend the joint manually;
• Strong fixation (contracture) in a certain position of the joint, which for a long time was in a state of lack of motor activity.

In the end, at the fourth stage of pathology, anchilosis is formed in the form of replacement of articular tissues to scars, with a complete loss of functionality.

Sounds in the joint

A crunch may be accompanied by any dysfunction of the bones and cartilage, not only caused by arthrosis.

However, this disease is characteristic that sound:

• arises only in the joint that aches;
• accompanied by difficulty of movement;
• It has the ability to intensify with the progression of pathology, and falls upon the formation of anchilosis.

Changing the appearance of the joint

Noticeable changes appear in the later stages.So, the axis of the affected limb is curved, and the articular region itself is disfigured - it grows in size, the form is ugly modified.

All this indicates irreversible destruction of the joint, inside of which a new fabric has not been formed, not having a certain structure.

If such a pathogenic process arose in the knee, it means that the load and the plusnoplange joints will increase the load on the joints of the ankle, which will also damage them over time.

The causes of arthrosis

Pathology can occur both in a single joint and spread to several.This disease is least likely to occur at a young age - vitality is still enough for self -healing the body.

Nevertheless, for all age groups, the causes of influence in their direction are: there are:

• internal - some diseases, bad habits, unbalanced nutrition, etc.;
• External, - injuries, a professional factor.

Internal causes are provoking a negative change in the joint factors in the form of joint inflammation.Distinguish between inflammations of various origin:

• infectious (intestinal wand and wand of Koch, viruses, chlamydia, staphylococci, pale treponema, etc.);
• rheumatism;
• purulent arthritis;
• autoimmune nature;
• gout;
• psoriasis.

In addition, the causes of internal exposure include congenital or acquired violations of the structure of cartilage tissue and malnutrition, which may be associated with:

• genetic malfunctions and mutations;
• intrauterine development anomalies, including perinatal injuries;
• old age;
• osteoporosis, i.e."Leaching" from the bone tissue of the components of the elements;
• hormonal disorders and overload, including menopause;
• violations of normal metabolism;
• disadvantage in the nutrition of vitamins and trace elements;
• diseases that attract muscle weakness;
• Internal prolonged intoxication.

The aggravation of many diseases of the musculoskeletal skeleton also entails cartilage degeneration.

External causes of the development of the disease are such factors that damage the joint as:

• frequent hypothermia;
• dislocations;
• strong blows;
• fractures;
• Menisc injections;
• strong physical activity (weight lifting, for example);
• professional sports;
• Surgical joint intervention.

Degree of arthrosis

According to the clinical manifestations and the process of progression of the disease, four stages of arthrosis are distinguished:

1. Arthrosis of the 1st degree, this is the initial stage of arthrosis, which is characterized by hidden symptoms in the form of negative changes in the composition of the synovial fluid and the weakening of muscle fibers, if it appears, then only with physical exertion;
2. Arthrosis of the 2nd degree-this is already a feeling of pain due to the destructive joint of the bones and the formation of osteophytes, reflex neurotrophic regulation is disturbed and a audible crunch appears;
3. Arthrosis of the 3rd degree is characterized by significant degenerative changes in the joint, its visible deformation with the curvature of the axis of the limb, the ligament is shortened, and the joint becomes pathologically mobile;
4. Arthrosis of the 4th degree is complete ankylosis, complete contracture and severe pains even at rest.

All four stages proceed unevenly: during the pathological period, sharp exacerbations and moments of remission are possible.

Treatment of arthrosis

Clinically proved that treatment and prevention in the form of eliminating provocative factors of hyalin cartilage damage, although they do not eliminate the disease at the initial stage, but stop its development and restore the functionality of the joint.

Basically, the disease of small and moderate severity is treated with conservative methods.In the case of serious destruction of the cartilage, which entailed the destruction of the bones, surgical endoprosthetics is indicated.

Moreover, the basic principle in the treatment is:

• A comprehensive approach implying the use of several therapeutic methods;
• Purposefulness, that is, the concentration of efforts on eliminating the disease provoking the disease and consequences.

Treatment with folk remedies

It is treated comprehensively, but at home, you can additionally resort to the healing recipes of people's healers who offer effective treatment of health problems through herbs and beekeeping products.

From plants use:

• bay leaf in the form of decoctions, tinctures on vodka and specially prepared oil used externally, directly to the area of inflammation;
• The treatment of arthrosis with honey has established itself as a reliable local potion, in the form of a rubber removed inflammation and nourishing the skin, muscles and cartilage;
• cabbage leaf - better than white cabbage - it is a little kneaded, and they wrap it with a sore spot, insulated with a woolen fabric on top, and hold all night;
• aloe juice in the form of compresses and rubbing into the skin;

Also helps with burdock of arthrosis of the knee joint: the sheet is bandaged to the sore spot, which is insulated for the whole night.

Preparations for arthrosis

Drug treatment related to the classical method of therapy is divided, depending on the dosage form used, into the drugs:

• external use, in the form of ointment for arthrosis, rubbing, lotions;
• injections;
• pills for arthrosis;
• Capsules.

Ointments

The pharmacological industry produces medical ointments based on natural, highly active components:

• Vishnevsky ointment;
• Heparin ointment.

The vestaren tool containing 1% diclofenac helps well: voltaren in the form of gel is applied to the skin.

Injections

The injections not only intravenously and intramuscularly, but also directly into the area of damage, for example, drugs of the non -steroid group, proven themselves very well in treatment.

So, intraarticular injections are introduced into damaged articular tissues:

• Glucocorticoids that enhance the nutrition of cartilage tissue that relieve inflammation and increase elasticity - diprospan, hydrocortisone, etc.
• chondroprotectors and analogues of intraarticular fluid, - Singial, Carbon;
• Hyaluronic acid as a lubricant and analgesic.

Preparations in the form of tablets and capsules

The so -called chondroprotectors for arthrosis containing structural elements of hyalin cartilage are in medicinal therapy, and thereby restoring it.

These drugs are produced in the form of tablets and capsules intended for oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract (orally).Additionally, patients are prescribed NSAIDs - anti -inflammatory drugs for arthrosis of the non -steroid group, stopping acute pain and relieving exacerbations.

Anesthetic agents are also used in the form of a novocaine blockade.

Additionally prescribed complex vitamins for arthrosis.

From natural drugs of local action, medical bile is recommended, applied in the form of compresses to the skin.

Exercises for arthrosis

Special exercises and therapeutic gymnastics (exercise therapy), the complex of which gives physical activity on the unhealthy part of the body sparingly, have proven themselves.

Dr. Bubnovsky and Evdokimenko developed their own complexes of therapeutic exercises.

Massage with arthrosis

Very beneficial affects the treatment and medical massage, which improves microcirculation and nutrition of deep tissues.

Diet with arthrosis

In this state, it is important to adhere to proper, rational nutrition in order to slightly improve the patient's condition.Recommended abstinence from overeating, exclusion of animal fats and fried foods.

Which doctor treats arthrosv first of all with complaints of pain in the joints of the bones should go to the therapist.It was he who, having summarized the patient’s history, and asking him in detail, will give a referral to the desired narrow specialist.

It can be, depending on the cause of the disease and its type, doctors of such profiles as:

• orthopedist;
• traumatologist;
• surgeon;
• rheumatologist.